WEBVTT

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You can compare the
mapping features

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of Digital
Yoknapatawpha with one

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of the "visualizations"
features listed

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at the top of the screen.

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Let's try the "Narrative
Analysis" feature.

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If you select "As I Lay Dying"
on the left side of the screen

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at the very top you'll see
a map of the events that

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show us that this is largely
a chronological story.

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But, given that march
forward through the narrative

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present of July
late in the 1920s,

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we'll have to look more
closely to see what, precisely,

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drags us back to the past, those
events that are marked in blue.

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We see events like Jewel's
acquisition of a horse,

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Dewey Dell's
relationship with Lafe,

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and Addie's memory of the
birth of each of her children,

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listed here.

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Most of these events are used
to justify the characters'

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present actions to
themselves, most often,

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rather than to other people.

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But those same past
events are the pieces

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that Darl uses to learn
of Jewel's parentage,

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as Darl links Dewey Dell's
pregnancy to Addie's earlier

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pregnancy.

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Although each character
is stuck in his or her

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own self-justifying
relationship with the past,

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Darl is one of few who can
consider other people's

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past experiences as a way of
understanding the present.

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Addie's experience with language
makes her skeptical of language

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when she interacts with others.

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Vardaman's experience
being stuck in a crib

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gives him a radical sympathy
for his mother in the coffin.

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But Darl reaches outside
his own experience,

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using Dewey Dell's
relationship with Lafe

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to understand his mother's
secret affair which,

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of course, happened
a long time ago,

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before our narrative present.

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One big question,
of course, is what

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readers should do with the
signs of Darl's own past

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that are sprinkled through
the story: when he lies awake

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in a "strange room" or that
event that happens late

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in the novel, when
"Darl had a spy-glass,"

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and we learn that he had been
a soldier in World War I. Is he

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or is he not reading others'
experiences through his own war

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experience, or his perception
maybe of maternal neglect?

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Is he right that he does not
draw on his own experience,

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and draw that into the
work of interpreting

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other people in the present?

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If we return to the map
page, we can see that, yes,

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most of the events cluster
in this epic journey

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from the Bundren
home to Jefferson.

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But using a standard
map like we see here

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that reflects the
America we may know

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shows us also just how
small that journey is,

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compared to the events
that are remembered

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in this story, those
events that were in blue.

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It's forty miles from their home
to Jefferson and the cemetery

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there.

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And over on the right-hand
side of the screen

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we see additional maps,
including a marker for France,

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where Darl served in WWI.

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Keep in mind that each of these
events, each of these points,

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does not correspond to, say,
the France or the Texas that you

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know today.

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"Texas," in Faulkner's
world, as you'll

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see if you click on the
note, is used and reserved

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in Faulkner's fiction to
describe a place where

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men run to escape shame or
punishment for their crimes.

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Similarly, being sent to
"Jackson, Mississippi,"

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in Faulkner's fiction, is to be
sent to the Mississippi State

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Insane Asylum.

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And we see that if we
look across the fictions,

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rather than just
in As I Lay Dying.

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If you search for "Jackson"
under the "Search" bar

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at the very top,
under "Locations,"

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we can search all the
texts that are in Digital

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Yoknapatawpha for "Jackson."

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What we see is that each
reference to "Jackson"

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is to the Mississippi
State Insane Asylum:

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throughout The Sound and
the Fury, As I Lay Dying,

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Sanctuary, and so on.

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You can see how Faulkner
creates a kind of shorthand,

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so that "Jackson"
means "Insane Asylum,"

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"Texas" means "a place for men
to escape the repercussions

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of their actions."

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This helps us to get into
the cultural knowledge that

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is very specific, very
familiar, and very

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well-known to his characters,
even if not to his readers

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until he builds that vocabulary.

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If we go back, we can use
similar searches up here,

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"Keyword" searches under
"Events," to examine,

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and if we limit this
one to As I Lay Dying

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it'll be a little
bit more apparent,

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if we examine how similar
themes, for example,

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can be seen throughout the
text we can begin to see,

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down to specific pages and lines
of the text how Faulkner links

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Dewey Dell's initial concerns
about a secret pregnancy, which

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we see from the early
pages of the text,

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to Addie's secret affair,
which are referred to later

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in the novel.

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Here, by drawing
out these events

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to lay them side
by side, we can see

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what Darl sees as he links
the two women in his life

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through secrecy and sexuality.

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